Henry J Heinz was the man who _____

His parents had emigrated to the USA form Bavaria in Germany. In the beginning, life was difficult. In 1850, they moved to a town eight kilometres from Pittsburgh called Sharpsburg. His father, John Henry, had a _____.

On one side of that place there was some spare land that his father did not use and on it, his mother Anna Margareth grew all of their fruit and vegetables. He started selling his mother’s vegetables to their neighbors, and their list of customers grew. In 1859, he started a little business all of his own. He _____.

Almost overnight, his business became amazingly popular because _____.

In 1869, he started a company with a friend. The following year they changed the name of their company to Heinz, Noble & Company. He decided that he did not want to wait for customers to come to him. Instead, he _____.

In 1869 he got married. In 1872, his partner Clarence and he went to the Philadelphia Fair to present their products. Their business did well until 1873, when the whole country suffered from a financial crisis that resulted in economic depression. Many people had no work and very little money, so they stopped buying their products. But he proposed a solution to the members of his family. He wanted to start a new business. So, _____.

A new company has to have a new product and he decided to _____.

People liked it and demanded more and it became an instant success. In 1888, F. & J. Heinz became H. J. Heinz and he started to expand. By 1892, there were more than 60 different H. J. Heinz products. After that, he thought about an advertising plan and soon they had their slogan _____. And at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago they decided they needed an advertising trick, and he _____.

In his view, a business should be _____.

He had his own philosophy about running a business. He thought it was vital to respect everyone who worked in the company. Some of his competitors did not have high standars of cleanliness and some of them faced problems when their products were contaminated by dirt and disease. In his factories, cleanliness had always been very important but he started campaigning for a _____, which became law in 1906.

William Lever was the man who _____.

He lived in a town that was at centre of the Industrial Revolution, Bolton. Most people worked in factories that made things from cotton and in the coal mines. They lived in cheap basic accommodation and the air was full of filthy. Large families lived in very small houses, often with no bathrooms, and the most basic facilities. As a result, disease spread quickly and people often died. When he left school, he went to work with his father, James, who owned a grocery shop. Serving customers all day and listening to them talk to each other and to his father, he soon learned what they needed. _____.

Being clean was very important. Soap was something that everybody wanted. In the past, soap had been a luxury that only rich people could afford. But in 1971, a Frenchman called Nicholas Leblanc, who was a chemist, discovered how to make good soap from ingredients that were not expensive. There was one problem, though - _____.

He liked soap and he became very interested in it. But his interest in it, however, was for different reasons. _____.

By 1883, the solution seemed simple – he would make his own product. He was lucky he had help. In 1885, his brother James also decided to come into business with him. They called the company Lever Brothers. They did not waste time. They rented an old factory and formed their team. With this team, he started making soap. Until that time, the main ingredient was _____. But a local chemist called William Hough Watson invented a new way of making soap, replacing that ingredient with _____. They produced their first product and later, they called it _____.

Using all of their combined knowledge, they produced their first product. It was mainly for household tasks. With his profits and the money that his father had invested and lent him, he was able to raise a lot of money. This was enough to buy some land where he could build his own factory. His intention was not just to build a factory. He wanted to build _____.

In 1894, lever Brothers developed a soap that people could use to wash themselves with. The main ingredient was _____. The product was called Lifebuoy.

In 1906, the other major manufacturer of soap, Joseph Watson, and he tried to create a soap monopoly, but it failed. His political principles were important to him, and he had always supported the Liberal Party. In 1906, he was asked if he wanted to be a candidate in the national elections for his local area. He was elected and became a _____ and one of the things he campaigned for – successfully – was the introduction of _____.

In 1911, he became a baronet. Being a baronet meant that he had a place in the House of Lords. But the dark days came. In 1913, his wife died, and, a year later, the First World War started. Many men from their village volunteered to join the army. But some of them were killed or wounded. So _____.

All the money he made had been earned from the manufacture and sale of soap. It was earned by the employees of Lever Brothers, which has now become the international, _____.

Michael Marks was _____.

He was born in 1859 in the city of Slonim, a province in Russia that is now called Belarus. His family was Jewish. There were many violent attacks on Jewish businesses and individuals. In 1880, at the age of 21, he started the long walk across Europe. In 1884, he met two well-dressed men, one of whom could speak some Yiddish. The other one, whose name was Isaac Dewhirst, _____.

Mr. Dewhirst was impressed that he had survived after the long walk. He offered Michael Marks five pounds, butu he turned it down. Michael didn’t want money, he wanted an opportunity. He asked Mr. Dewhirst if instead, he could _____.

He started visiting the small villages and towns near Leeds where he sold the goods. As soon as he had sold everything, he returned to Mr. Dewhirst with the money he had made. He was pleased to see him and gave him more of his products. Gradually, he became a familiar face and as people started to trust him, they bought his products. But the time he spent travelling reduced the amount of time he had for selling the products. It was time to take the next step. _____.

In 1886, he got married. His wife helped him with the business, preparing the stock for sale and dealing with the finances. In 1891, they moved to another town. Moving also enabled him to expand the business. He decided to _____.

His business had grown so much that he realized he needed a partner who could focus more on the paperwork in the office. He asked Mr. Dewhirst if he was interested in working with him. _____.

They started their business with five words in their minds: _____.

They combined their talents. Michael was responsible for _____ and Thomas focused on _____.

In 1897, he was proud to become a British citizen. That country had given him a new start in life. They called their new stalls Penny Bazaars and added a sign saying ‘Admission Free’. This meant that _____.

By 1903, Marks & Spencer had become a _____.

Henry Ford was the man who _____.

He was born in the USA. His father was born in Ireland, but he came to America as an immigrant. The reason was the Great Potato Famine. _____.

He went to school but educational facilities were limited to the one-room school that their village had. He had always been interested in _____.

When he was 16, he decided he needed to find work and be independent. He could have worked on his father’s farm but he didn’t really enjoy farm life. First, he worked for the Michigan Car Company, which gave him a clear understanding of how cars were built. Then he moved to the Detroit Dry dock Company. He knew that machines would one day _____.

In 1888, he got married. He earned a living by farming and also by running a sawmill. In 1891, the Edison Illuminating Company offered him a job as an engineer and so he moved to Detroit. Now that he had a steady job and money coming in regularly, he was able to continue developing his ideas by experimenting. On the experiments was to _____.

By 1896, the Ford Quadricycle was ready to drive. He met Thomas Edison, who encouraged him to continue with his improvements and 1898 a new model was ready to be launched. But he resigned from Edison’s and in 1899, he set up his own business which he called the Detroit Automobile Company. However, he didn’t know very much about running a company and after a short time he decided to sell it. At that time, he was _____.

Potential new business partners had seen him racing, and some of them wanted to invest in his vehicle. With their financial help, he set up a second business in 1901 called the Henry Ford Company. But the following year he had had a serious disagreement and left the company. In 1903, he felt it was time to _____.

He knew that the future for transport on land was on the roads. Within just a few weeks of starting business, their first Model A cars had been sold. In 1904, they needed a larger space to work, and they built a plant in a place called Piquette Avenue. And in 1908, he developed the Model T car. _____.

At that time, each car was built by hand. It took many hours of skilled work for each car to be built. He knew there was a better way that would reduce their production costs. In 1907, he started to build a large factory. For several years they had been looking at ways to rearrange the men and the machinery to move away from the old slow methods of production.by 1913, they had started using assembly line production. This meant that _____.

However, the new way of working was boring and not very satisfying for the workers and they soon started to complain. He realized he had to do something to make the job more attractive. In 1914, he introduced _____.

Coco Chanel is _____

She was born in a poorhouse run by Catholic nuns. Her father was a travelling salesman who never had any money and her mother washed laundry. One terrible day in 1895, her mother died of a disease called bronchitis. His father could not cope with five children. He sent the sisters to a _____ in France.

At that place they were given a basic education. In addition, they were taught how to be _____ - how to sew and make clothes.

In 1901, she left that place and went to stay in a Catholic boarding house in the town of Moulins. Her first job was in a tailor’s shop. It was there that she discovered she had a talent for designing _____.

She chose the name Coco because _____.

In 1908, she moved to Paris where she continued designing her products. She was introduced to a rich English friend. His name was Arthur Capel, but everyone called him Boy. He decided to invest some of his money in her and her designs. In 1910, she opened her first shop. And in 1913, she opened another store. At that time there were strict rules about the kind of clothes and styles that women could wear. The clothes were beautiful to look at but they were _____.

She herself had started to dress differently. She _____.

In the Deauville shop she introduced a collection of _____.

Later, she started designing evening dresses and in 1921, she introduced her perfume, Chanel Nº5. The one day in 1926, when she was at the opera, she looked round at all the women there and was horrified by what she saw. They were all wearing _____ that she thought were really quite bad taste. She made the decision at that moment that her next designs would be _____.

The House of Chanel became well-known in 1932. But in 1939, just when they thought the business was secure again, the Second World War began and the Germans invaded. Once more, France was nearly destroyed. She decided to stop working and moved to Switzerland. In 1953, she returned to Paris and made a dramatic comeback. In 1 71, she held a fashion show to present her new designs. The French press _____. However, in America, Life magazine _____.

Ray Kroc was the man who _____.

He was born in the USA, but his parents were of Czech origin. He went to school but he preferred action to academic study. He decided he could probably earn more by going into the world of business. He did a variety of jobs, like selling lemonade and working in shops and restaurants. In 1922, he got married and his wife wanted more financial security. He found work with a company Lily Cups that sold paper cups. He discovered that _____.

The fast-food restaurants of the time were the stalls that sold food on the streets. They were good customers as they needed the paper cups he was selling. In 1929, Lily went into business with Tulip Cups and he had a wider range of products to sell. New clients were appearing, such as drugstores and baseball parks. He loved baseball and the home of the Chicago Cubs was one of his customers. He offered advice on how to increase the number of spectators coming to watch baseball games by suggesting _____. But the manager wasn’t interested in his ideas.

A drugstore tested his idea. They had already been selling to about 100 customers an hour, but he showed them how they could increase that using his products. Disposable cups and cartons cost more, but the income from using them was greater. He became a top salesman. But the Stock Market Crash of 1929 had ruined many businesses. In 1925, the production of alcohol was banned in the USA, which meant that people started spending money on soft drinks. One of his clients reduced costs with a new product _____. He was very successful.

One of his clients was a mechanical engineer and had developed a new machine which made those drinks faster than someone could make them by hand. He called it a ‘Multimixer’ and he thought it was a real innovation. He showed it to managers at Lily-Tulip but they weren’t interested. So, he thought it was an opportunity that he could not miss. He took a risk and did well, but in 1941, the Japanese bombed Peral Harbor and the USA entered the Second World War, so they had to stop production of the Multimixer. To make an income during the war, he worked with a man called Harry Burke. He had _____.

The Mc Donald organization in San Bernardino, was one of his existing customers. In 1954, when they ordered their eighth Multimixer, he decided to visit and see what they were doing with all those drink mixers. He got surprised. The McDonald brothers were not in the soft drink business, they were fast-food operators, selling hamburgers. _____.

That fact made him think about his business strategy. He asked himself if he should sell more products to the fast-food operators or if he should invest in an opportunity that was just opening up with the McDonald brothers. They _____.

The brothers only considered expanding to California. He thought that they should consider expanding to include the whole country. His approach to franchising was different to that of the brothers. He wanted to _____.

The McDonald brothers did not want us to open so many branches and they often had disagreements. By 1961, he decided he did not want to argue any more and he bought the brothers’ shares in the company. He paid $2.7 million. He also opened the Hamburger University. This was _____.

Over the years, he realized that the real heart of the business _____.